Digital dermatitis

Digital dermatitis is a disease that causes lameness in cattle. It was first discovered in Italy in 1974 by Cheli and Mortellaro. This disease is caused by a mixture of different bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria, including spirochetes of the genus Treponema, are found in the lesions associated with the infection. Digital dermatitis is different from foot rot in cattle and both conditions may occur concurrently.

Digital dermatitis primarily affects dairy cattle and has been known to lower the quantity of milk produced, but the quality of the milk is unaffected.

Evidence shows that risk factors favouring digital dermatitis outbreaks include: poor hygiene and high humidity; introduction of infected animals; no hoof care for heifers and dry cows; high levels of chronically infected animals; insufficient or inadequate hoof trimming; soft hooves and unbalanced nutrition.^[1]

Presentation

Digital dermatitis appears as lesions which initially looks like a raw, red, oval ulcer on the back of the heel. These lesions develop raised, hair-like projections or wart-like lesions, and some may extend up between the claws or appear on the front of the foot.^[2]

Cause

Digital dermatitis is a polymicrobial disease involving treponemes and other anaerobes.^[3] Treponemes are the bacterium most commonly found in lesions. Their abundance increases as the lesion progresses. They account for 94% of bacterial sequences detected in chronic lesions.^[4]

Diagnosis

A scoring system^[5] was developed to classify the different stages of digital dermatitis, the M-stages system, where "M" stands for Mortellaro. The different stages are described as: M0, healthy skin; M1, early stage, skin defect < 2 cm diameter; M2, acute active ulcerative lesion; M3, healing stage, lesion covered with scab-like material; M4, chronic stage, that may be dyskeratotic (mostly thickened epithelium) or proliferative or both.^{[citation needed]}

Diagnosis is principally based on history and clinical signs. It is very rare that attempts are made to isolate the bacteria.^[6]

Treatment

Treatment of lesions of digital dermatitis is done by topical application of agents to the affected skin. The skin should be cleaned and kept dry prior to treatment. Topical oxytetracycline (OTC) is often referred as the most reliable treatment as cows treated with OTC have a good recovery rate. Bandaging the lesion is often undertaken but there is no evidence of any benefit and bandaging can provide the anaerobic environment which supports the spirochaetes. Systemic antibiotics are not needed.^[6]

Control and prevention of digital dermatitis relies on prompt detection, isolation and treatment of affected cattle. Group hoof disinfection can be achieved via the passage of the cows through footbaths of antimicrobial solutions. Slurry build-up should be avoided since organic matter can impair the antimicrobial efficacy of the footbath solutions. Regular footbaths should be organised, using formalin, copper sulphate^[6] or a thymol-based disinfectant.^[7] While regular footbathing can help prevent hoof infections, occasional flare-up of active M2 lesions can happen.

Copper sulfate footbaths are one of the most common forms of protection and treatment for digital dermatitis thanks to its antimicrobial trait and its ability to harden hooves to prevent exposure to bacteria. Copper sulfate is more effective as a prevention method rather than a treatment for digital dermatitis.^[8]

Synonyms

Hairy heel warts
Strawberry foot rot
Mortellaro disease
Italian foot rot
Papillomatous digital dermatitis (caused by Treponema spirochetes)^[9]

References

^ "Dörte Döpfer on Digital Dermatitis". Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2014-11-17.^{[self-published source?]}
^ Campbell, John (7 August 2014). "Digital dermatitis emerges in beef cattle". The Western Producer.
^ Wilson-Welder, Jennifer; Alt, David; Nally, Jarlath (11 November 2015). "Digital Dermatitis in Cattle: Current Bacterial and Immunological Findings". Animals. 5 (4): 1114–1135. doi:10.3390/ani5040400. PMC 4693204. PMID 26569318.
^ Nally, Jarlath; Wilson-Welder, Jennifer; Alt, David (May 2015). "The etiology of digital dermatitis in ruminants: recent perspectives". Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 6: 155–164. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S62072. PMC 6070020. PMID 30101102.
^ Döpfer, Dörte (2009). The dynamics of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle and the manageable state of disease (PDF). Proceedings of the CanWest Veterinary Conference.
^ ^a ^b ^c Interdigital Dermatitis - Cattle^{[unreliable source?]} reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 11 October 2011.
^ Hawkins, Nik (8 November 2013). "Vet med scientists find better, safer treatments for hoof disease in cattle". University Wisconsin Madison News.
^ Bjurstrom, Aerica (Spring 2016). "Walking Strong: A Fact Sheet on Dairy Hoof Health" (PDF). University Wisconsin Extension.
^ "Digital Dermatitis". Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-10-23.^{[unreliable source?]}

Hanna, Paul; Lofstedt, Jeanne; Duivenvoorden, Pauline (October 1994). "Papillomatous digital dermatitis in a Canadian dairy herd". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 35 (10): 657. PMC 1686778. PMID 7994714.
Sullivan, L. E.; Carter, S. D.; Blowey, R.; Duncan, J. S.; Grove-White, D.; Evans, N. J. (December 2013). "Digital dermatitis in beef cattle". Veterinary Record. 173 (23): 582. doi:10.1136/vr.101802. PMID 24106250. S2CID 3170312.
Rodriguez-Lainz, Alfonso; Melendez-Retamal, Pedro; Hird, David W; Read, Deryck H; Walker, Richard L (October 1999). "Farm- and host-level risk factors for papillomatous digital dermatitis in Chilean dairy cattle". Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 42 (2): 87–97. doi:10.1016/S0167-5877(99)00067-7. PMID 10551428.
Choi, B.-K.; Nattermann, H.; Grund, S.; Haider, W.; Gobel, U. B. (1 January 1997). "Spirochetes from Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Cattle Are Closely Related to Treponemes Associated with Human Periodontitis". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 47 (1): 175–181. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-1-175. PMID 9019153.
Refaai, W.; Van Aert, M.; Abd El-Aal, A.M.; Behery, A.E.; Opsomer, G. (September 2013). "Infectious diseases causing lameness in cattle with a main emphasis on digital dermatitis (Mortellaro disease)". Livestock Science. 156 (1–3): 53–63. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2013.06.004.

[1] "Dörte Döpfer on Digital Dermatitis". Archived from the original on 2016-11-26. Retrieved 2014-11-17.^{[self-published source?]}

[producercom-2] Campbell, John (7 August 2014). "Digital dermatitis emerges in beef cattle". The Western Producer.

[Wilson-WelderJH2015a-3] Wilson-Welder, Jennifer; Alt, David; Nally, Jarlath (11 November 2015). "Digital Dermatitis in Cattle: Current Bacterial and Immunological Findings". Animals. 5 (4): 1114–1135. doi:10.3390/ani5040400. PMC 4693204. PMID 26569318.

[Wilson-WelderJH2015b-4] Nally, Jarlath; Wilson-Welder, Jennifer; Alt, David (May 2015). "The etiology of digital dermatitis in ruminants: recent perspectives". Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 6: 155–164. doi:10.2147/VMRR.S62072. PMC 6070020. PMID 30101102.

[5] Döpfer, Dörte (2009). The dynamics of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle and the manageable state of disease (PDF). Proceedings of the CanWest Veterinary Conference.

[WikiVet-6] Interdigital Dermatitis - Cattle^{[unreliable source?]} reviewed and published by WikiVet, accessed 11 October 2011.

[WisconsinUniversity-7] Hawkins, Nik (8 November 2013). "Vet med scientists find better, safer treatments for hoof disease in cattle". University Wisconsin Madison News.

[8] Bjurstrom, Aerica (Spring 2016). "Walking Strong: A Fact Sheet on Dairy Hoof Health" (PDF). University Wisconsin Extension.

[9] "Digital Dermatitis". Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-10-23.^{[unreliable source?]}

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